Symptoms and Signs of Sugar in Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a secret disease in which an increased blood glucose content is observed.When digesting food, carbohydrates and proteins are decomposed into simple sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all sugar and some of the amino acids into glucose, which is used as a source of energy with each body of the body.Glucose enters the blood in cells with insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear -shaped organ located under the stomach).Attached to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, insulin promotes the progression of the proteins that transport glucose from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are associated with glucose and keep it in the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs some interventions: the production of insulin with a pancreas may be partially or completely disturbed or the body of the body may be unable to respond effectively to the normal amount of insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: first type or "insulin dependent" diabetes and second type or "insulin dependent" diabetes. In the first type of diabetes, also known as youth diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes develops suddenly and is most commonly found in people under the age of 30;The average age of its onset of its development is between 12 and 14 years.However, the first type diabetes is only about 5 percent of all diabetes cases.The second type of diabetes, also known as adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, the production of insulin pancreas is reduced only a little, but the cells are unable to respond effectively to insulin, so this disease is considered as insulin resistance.Diabetes of the second type usually starts in the scale and affects people over the age of 40 and especially full people, one of the risk factors is older than 50 years.Sometimes in adults, first -type diabetes can be observed.

The main causes of diabetes development are: inherited predisposition, pancreatic disease, overeating (read - overload the same pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal tract), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, cakes, cakes, chocolate and more), alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus can occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or intoxication (including medication).

With both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose in the urine, which is associated with an increase in urine production.If a patient with first type diabetes is described the wrong amount of insulin, excessive extraction of fatty acids from adipose tissue will lead to the overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a life -threatening condition known as diabetic ketoacitis.Diabetic ketoacitosis can sometimes be found in patients with second type diabetes during periods when the body experiences severe tension, for example, during a serious infectious disease.

People with second type diabetes are sensitive to another life -threatening disease, known as a non -state of hyperosmotic, characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels.This disease is usually found in older people with any other serious illness.An attack of diabetic ketoacitosis or a hyperosmotic condition may be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes can also suffer from low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10-20 years of diabetes, patients may have complications, for example, visual damage, kidney damage and peripheral nervous system degeneration (neuropathy).Strict control over blood glucose content can stop or prevent these complications.Loss of touching in the leg can lead to the fact that the damage will be left unattended, and the infection will occur.

Symptoms

What signs may say you have diabetes, or show that there is a risk of its appearance?

• Excessive and frequent urination (about every hour).Waking up at night to urinate.The body, to get rid of excess sugar, releases it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Thirsty thirst or increased the need to drink plenty of fluids.It is caused by the fact that glucose levels rise in the blood, which "removes" fluid from the tissues, tissue dehydrated.Therefore, patients are forced to drink too much: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Itching of the skin and genitals.
• Dry mouth.
• Poor healing of wounds.
• At first, a large weight, reducing it due to a violation of food absorption, especially carbohydrates.
• Lowering immunity - frequent infections from the banal flu and colds in pneumonia.
• Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: as a result of forced short -term hunger or after intense physical activity, headache, pale, sweat of praise and general weakness can occur.Once a person ate, he drank at least one cup of sweet tea, all the symptoms pass quickly.Indirectly, this may indicate a pancreatic dysfunction: insulin entered the blood more than usual, and the sugar level lowered under the permitted units of 3-3.5.
• Increased appetite.
• Uncontrolled weight loss.
• Poor eyesight.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or persistent infections of the bladder, skin or gums.
• Numbness and tingling in the feet and hands.
• Signs of hypoglycemia.
• Strong symptoms of a non -hyperosmotic non -monetary: extraordinary thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Severe symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms prescribed are observed in 40-90% of patients with diabetes long before the diagnosis is made.But there are also "non -human" symptoms, the appearance of which leads to an increased blood sugar:

The skin gradually becomes dry, wrinkled, palms and rude heels, peel, thick nails, dry and fragile hair, in the extremities are growing and disappearing completely, due to a decrease in general immunity, reds, boils, carbunels, relapses.Often, the skin is affected by fungi, eczema, liqueur.

1. The appearance and progression of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, memory decreases (brain vessels suffer);
2. Diabetic changes in the bloody lower vessels (retinopathy), reduction of vision;
3. Decreased kidney function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetic feet ("feet in cold combustion and pressure in warm" - a violation of blood supply to the lower extremities);
5. Sometimes the character (mental disorders) changes;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is the lesion of the gums - periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums and teeth begin to change, sometimes leaving their legal places without pain.
7. Diabetes mellitus affects the glands of internal secretion.Men lose interest in women, they are reduced not only by lust but also in power.In women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it happens that menstruation disappears completely.

This is why diabetes mellitus is called an endocrine exchange disease with pancreatic lesions, characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a violation of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, antiaebet, hidden diabetes mellitus and diabetes themselves are distinguished.The latter manifests itself in mild, moderate and severe severity.

With money -Armiabet, hidden diabetes and soft diabetes, food is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and severe shapes - an indispensable condition for successful treatment and maintaining an acceptable quality of life.

Moreover, people with diabetes are more sensitive to the narrowing of the coronary arteries and the narrowing of the blood vessels that supply the brain and feet.The combination of infectious feet of the feet and the reduction of blood supply can lead to gangrene (tissue death), which requires amputation.

Treatment of first -type diabetes requires one to four daily insulin injections.(Insulin cannot be taken orally, as digestive fluids destroy it.) In addition, it is necessary to observe a diet and do exercises so that blood glucose levels are not too high or too low.For second type diabetes, a combination of diet, exercise and weight loss can be used, although medicines (including insulin) are also usually needed.Treatment mainly depends on the self -control.Although there are no means to cure diabetes, almost all patients are able to control symptoms and lead a full life.

• First -type diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs as a result of a wrong attack of the immune system in the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With the diabetes of the second tin, genetic factors are important.
• Excessive fullness makes people predisposed to the development of second type diabetes.
• Some medicines, such as corticosteroids or diuretic thiazides, can increase the risk of developing diabetes of the second type.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, Kushing's syndrome or acromegaly, can lead to diabetes.Surgical removal of the pancreas can also provoke diabetes.
• Pregnant women can develop diabetes, which usually disappears after childbirth.These women are in danger of developing second type diabetes in the future.
• Despite the existing thinking, the use of a large sweet amount does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

General principles of nutrition in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

Diet calorie content should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal by reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, cakes, marmalade, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except bananas, grapes, watermelons), and their consumption is permissible within normal limits.Sea nutrition is useful due to high quality protein and minerals well acquired and minerals contained in them, in particular the zinc-component needed for insulin production.Beans in zinc content, so indispensable for patients with diabetes, and copper is a sample between vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst and in the presence of associated atherosclerosis with a heart rhythm violation - restores normal rhythm!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Between meals, drink water.It should be limited by daily intake of sodium salt up to 10 g, animals and vegetables with vegetables - up to 50 g, as well as to reduce the consumption of dairy products with a high fat content (cheese, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, sauces, chocolate, cakes, cakes.

PREVENTION

• To prevent the development of second type diabetes, you should lose weight if your weight exceeds the rate by more than 20 percent, and keep normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no known way to prevent first -type diabetes.
• People with any kind of diabetes should regularly suffer eye examination for early detection and the treatment of diabetes of visual impairment.

Troubleshooting

• Medical history and physical examination can provide a basis for the assumption of the presence of the disease.
• Diagnosis can be made if a blood test on an empty stomach indicates high levels of glucose (126 mg/dl or higher) at least twice.
• When the test results are unclear, it can become a sample on glucose tolerance.The patient drinks a drink containing 75 g of glucose, and then blood glucose content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be taken to determine protein content.
• Measure blood glycogemoglobin;It shows the average blood glucose content over the past two to three months.

For first type diabetes:

• Daily insulin injections are needed.It takes one to four daily injections to control the blood glucose level.There are long -acting medicines and quick action, and they are often prescribed in a combination.
• A strict diet and a meal schedule are needed to maintain the desired level of glucose in the blood.Your doctor may recommend low -fat food, salt and cholesterol and may advise you to visit a nutritionist for food planning.
• Since both physical exercises and insulin reduce glucose levels, exercises and insulin intake should be designed so that their effect does not apply and cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• A strict schedule of injection, eating and performing exercises are needed for proper control of the disease.

For second type diabetes:

• The use of low and low calorie foods in combination with proper exercise performance is needed to control weight.
• Medications taken as orally can be pronounced to increase the production of insulin pancreas if exercises and diet do not suffer enough blood glucose.
• Other oral medicines can reduce insulin resistance or slow the absorption of sugar from the intestines.
• Insulin injections may be needed for strong attacks of the second type of diabetes or if a patient with second type diabetes has any other disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood tests are needed to measure glucose levels, from one to four times daily (depending on the doctor's recommendation).Your doctor will advise you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Particular attention should be paid to the development of atherosclerosis, as it is often combined with diabetes.Patients with diabetes should not smoke, they should eat low fat, cholesterol and salt and take medicines for high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
• People with diabetes should drink a large amount of water when ill with another disease, for example, flu, to fill the lost juice and prevent diabetic coma.During the illness, people with first type diabetes should control urine for ketone bodies every four to six hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and control them daily.Nerve damage in diabetes reduces foot sensitivity, and minor damage can lead to the development of serious infectious diseases.
• Laser photocoagulation to prevent ruptures of small blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or cure diabetic retinopathy.Most patients with diabetes should check their eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the first manifestations of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, the process of artificial blood filtration, may be necessary for kidney failure.In serious cases, a kidney transplant may be required,
• Clear control of blood glucose levels preserves or prevents subsequent complications affecting the eyes, kidneys and nervous system.
• Kidney damage can slow down when checking blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact your doctor if you notice a sudden or gradual increase in a feeling of hunger, thirst or increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact your doctor if you are sick with diabetes and at the same time get sick with a running nose or flu, which has received your blood sugar level out of control.Do not use the medicine sold without a prescription without consulting a doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if a patient with diabetes loses consciousness.Tell your doctor that a person is sick with diabetes.
• Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of a hyperosmotic condition of non -brown;They include severe thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of diabetic keetacotosis;They include dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or with a fruit odor smell from the mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urination and severe thirst (or without).
• Attention!(With the first type of diabetes.) Take a doctor immediately if the presence of ketone bodies and the measures prescribed by your doctor are found in the urine, do not help to cope with the problem.