The concept of "diabetes“Custom is the habit of showing a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of an absolute or relative hormone deficiency in the bodyinsulin.Given this condition, the patient manifestsHyperglycemia- a significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the process of developing the disease, a violation of metabolism occurs as a whole: it is violatedgreasy,protein,carbohydrate,oreANDsaltExchange according to WHO statistics, about 150 million people are sick in the world of diabetes.By the way, not only one person, but also animals, for example, cats, are sick with diabetes.
The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek language is "expiration".Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "loss of sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease appears - the secretion of sugar in the urine.So far, there are many studies about the causes of this disease, however, the causes of the manifestation of the disease and its complications are then no longer decided.
Types of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus sometimes occurs in people as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease.In this case, we are talkingSymptomatic diabeteswhich can occur on the background of lossthyroidORpancreas gland,adrenal glands,Pituitary gland.Moreover, this form of diabetes develops as the consequences of treatment with some medicines.And if the treatment of the underlying disease passes successfully, then diabetes is cured.
Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: thisType 1 diabetes, that is,Insulin -dependent, and alsoType 2 diabetes, that isInsulin -dependent.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most often manifested in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of patients with diabetes suffer this form of the disease.Diabetes mellitus in children is mainly manifested in this form.
The first type diabetes is a consequence of damage to the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.Very often, this type of diabetes people get sick after viral diseases -mumps,viral hepatitis,Ruby.Often the first type diabetes occursAutoimmuneall overDue to the defect in the body's immune system.As a rule, in a person who is sick with the first type of diabetes, unhealthy details manifest.In the blood, sugar levels increase significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on constant insulin injections, which become vital.
Among the diabetics, as a whole, patients with type 2 diabetes predominate. At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of the disease are normal, and all others suffer from overweight.
Type 2 diabetes is developing, as a result of a fundamentally different cause.In this case, with beta cells, insulin or too much insulin is produced, however, tissues in the body lose the ability to accept its specific signal.In this case, no insulin injections are required for survival, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.
The causes of diabetes
One of the type of type 1- diabetes type"Dependent on insulin", the main reason for this form can be complications after viral infections, for example,flu,shingles, and alsocholelithiasis.Factors that contribute to a type of diabetes type 2-"Dependent on insulin", are genetic predisposition as well as endocrine and overweight diseases.
The main reason for the manifestation of diabetes becomes damagedCarbohydrate, which manifests itself due to the inability of the pancreas to produce the right amount of insulin hormone or produce insulin of the necessary quality.There are many assumptions about the causes of such a condition.It is for sure that diabetes is a non -stroke disease.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects.It is proven that a higher risk of illness occurs in those people whose close relatives were ill with diabetes.The probability of disease in humans whose diabetes was diagnosed in both parents is particularly high.
Experts determine another significant factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesoverweight.In this case, a person is accessible to adjust his or her weight, so you need to treat this issue with all seriousness.
Another provocative factor is a number of diseases whose result is lossBeta cells.First of all we are talkingpancreatitis,diseases of other glands of internal secretion,pancreas cancer.
Viral infections can serve as a kind of trigger mechanism for the onset of diabetes.Viral infections "release" diabetes in any case.However, people who have a predisposition to a hereditary character to diabetes and other regulatory factors have a much higher risk of getting sick due to infection.
Moreover, doctors determine as a predisposing factor of the factor.stressAnd emotional overload.The elderly should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the older one becomes a person, the more likely the disease is.
At the same time, the assumption of many people for the fact that with diabetes those who want to constantly eat too much sugar and sweet products risk getting sick from the point of view of the high probability of being overweight in such people.
In rarer cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults occurs as a result of certain hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or taking some drugs.
Another assumption shows the viral nature of diabetes.So type 1 diabetes can occur due to viral damage to the pancreatic beta cells, producing insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodiescalledpeculiar.
However, to date, there are many unclear points in the issue of determining the causes of diabetes.
Symptoms of diabetes
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, manifest themselves from very intense urine production.A person begins to urinate not only often often but also a lot (a phenomenon calledpolyuria).Given such a phenomenon, the patient has a lotThirsty.Along with urine, distinguishedglucose, a person loses calories.Therefore, a sign of diabetes mellitus will also be very strong appetite due to the constant feeling of hunger.
Other unpleasant phenomena occur as symptoms of diabetes: severe fatigue,Persistent, the presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze the limbs, and visual acuity gradually decreases.
The disease progresses and manifests the following signs of diabetes.The patient notes that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the life of the body is completely impeded.
It is important to consider that the main signs of diabetes, to which each person should pay attention to, is the loss of vitality, a constant feeling of thirst, rapid secretion from the body with the urine of the consumed fluid.
However, at first, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear, and a little increased sugar content is detected in the blood and its presence in the urine occurs, then a person is diagnosed inPrediabetic state.Is characteristic of a large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years, they have developed type 2 diabetes. In this case, insulin does not perform a dividing functioncarbohydrate.As a result, very little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.
Diagnosis of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus manifests itself in a person gradually, therefore, doctors distinguish three periods of its development.In people who are prone to the disease due to the presence of some risk factors, the so -called period is manifestedprediabetes.If glucose is already absorbed with disorders but signs of the disease still do not occur, then the patient is diagnosed with the periodhidden.The third period is directly the development of the disease.
Laboratory tests are of particular importance for diagnosing diabetes in children and adults.When you examine the urine, it is foundacetoneANDsugar.The fastest method for creating a diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.Moreover, this is the most reliable method of diagnosis.
The highest accuracy of research guarantees oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine which level of glucose in the patient's blood is on an empty stomach.After that, a person should drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose are predetermined.After two hours, a second measurement is performed.If the result of glucose content was from 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/l, then glucose tolerance is disturbed, with a result of more than 11.1 mmol/l, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.
In addition, during diagnosis of diabetes, a blood test is performedglycogenydTo determine the average blood sugar level for a long period (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective the treatment of diabetes was in the last three months.
Treatment of diabetes
Doctors prescribe a comprehensive treatment of diabetes in order to support the normal blood glucose content.In this case, it is important to consider that nonehyperglycemia, that is, an increase in sugar levels, neitherHypoglycemia, that is, his fall.
Throughout the day, the glucose content should be at the same level.Such support allows us to prevent the appearance of diabetes complications, which are life -threatening.Therefore, it is very important for the person himself to carefully control his condition and be as disciplined as possible for the therapy for the disease.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device, which makes it possible to measure independently of blood glucose levels.To analyze, you need to take a drop of blood from one finger and apply it on a test strip.
It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults begins immediately after a person becomes a relevant diagnosis.The doctor determines the methods for treating diabetes mellitus, given what type of diabetes develops the patient.
For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide eternal hormone replacement therapy.For this, every day a patient who has the first type of diabetes is diagnosed should do insulin injections.In this case there are no other treatment options.Before determining the role of insulin in 1921, the diabetes did not submit to the treatment.
There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on the place where the drug comes, and what is the duration of its action.Distinguishfirm,porkANDhumaninsulin.Due to the detection of a number of side effects, the damage insulin is used less frequently today.The closest to man's structure is pig insulin.The change is in aamino acid.The duration of the effects of insulin may beShort,Average,Long.
As a rule, the patient produces insulin at about 20-30 minutes before eating.It is inserted into the thigh, shoulder or stomach in a subcutaneous way, while the injection site should be alternated in any injection.
When insulin enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the process of passing glucose from the blood to the tissue.If there was an overdose, it is filled with hypoglycemia.Symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has a vibration, an enlarged sweat separation, a heartbeat is accelerated, a person feels a strong weakness.In this condition, a person should quickly raise glucose levels, using a few tablespoons of sugar or a glass of fresh water.
A scheme of insulin administration should be chosen exclusively by a specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body as well as the image of his life.The choice of daily doses of insulin is made in order to correspond to the physiological norm.Two -thirds of the doses of the hormone are accepted in the morning and in the afternoon, one -third afternoon and at night.There are several different schemes for inserting injections, the feasibility of the use of which is determined by the doctor.Correction of insulin doses is possible depending on a number of factors (diet, physical load, features of carbohydrate metabolism).An important role in determining the optimal intake of insulin is given to the independent measurement of glucose levels and keeping registers with respect to the self.
In this case, the relevant diet in diabetes is very necessary.It is important for the patient to get food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three additional ones.The power supply to diabetes is considering the fact that the blood glucose content has increased more strongly by carbohydrates.However, a severe restriction of their use is not required.Depending on the normal weight of the human body, it is important to consider the amount of carbohydrates in order to choose the correct dose of insulin.
If a person has a second type diabetes diabetes, then you cannot take medication at the beginning of the disease.In this case, a diet in diabetes is important, which provides for minimizing the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical exercise.If diabetes progresses, medication therapy is required.The doctor prescribes the treatment with sugar -free medication.He chooses appropriate medication from derivativessulfonelmochevina,The regulators of the Prandial glycemia.They help increase sensitivity to insulin of clothesBiguanides(medicines also reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestine) andthiazolidindo.In the absence of the effect of treatment with the medication specified, patients are prescribed with insulin therapy.
With diabetes, popular recipes are also practiced to stimulate a lower blood sugar.For this purpose, boiling plants that have such properties are used.It is a leaf of blueberries, flax seeds, leaf band, laurel sheets, juniper and rose fruits, burial root, dioecosis of nettle, etc.Plant applications are taken several times daily before you eat.
Electricity supply to diabetes
To patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections, and the diet serves as a significant addition to drug treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- a diet based on a diet is the main method of treatment.Since the normal functioning of diabetes development is impairedpancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar by the body, then the proper nutrition and diet are of great importance.The diet for diabetes is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.
What should be food:
- frequent and regular foods (preferably4-5 timesper day, at the same time), it is advisable to distribute the use of carbohydrates by meal evenly;
- The food should be richmacroANDmicroelements(Zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium), and alsoVITAMIN(Group B, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine);
- Food must be varied;
- sugarWorth replacingsorbitol, xilitis, fructose, aspartamORsugarwhich can be added to appropriate food and drinks;
- You can use before1.5 litersliquids a day;
- Preference should be given difficult to digest carbohydrates (vegetables, fruits, thick flour bread), fiber products (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats), and limit the use of cholesterol -rich products - egg yolk, liver, kidneys;
- The diet should be strictly observed in order not to provoke the development or deterioration of the disease.
The diet for diabetes does not stop sugar, and in some cases recommends the following products in the diet:
- Black or specialDiabetic(200-300 gr. Daily);
- vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshki, beets;
- Soups prepared in meat soup can be consumed twice a week;
- low-fat meat (beef, beef, rabbit), poultry (turkey, chicken), fish (pike pike, cod, point) (approximately 100-150 gr. daily) in boiled, roasted or spill;
- Useful cereal dishes (buckwheat, oatmeal, milete) and pasta, legumes can be consumed every other day;
- Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.per day;
- The rest of the vegetables - cabbage, including color, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplant, as well as greens, can be consumed without restrictions;
- Eggs can be no more than 2 pieces;
- 200-300 gr.On the day of apples, orange, lemon, it is possible in the form of pulp juices;
- Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups a day, and cheese, milk and sour cream with a doctor's permission;
- Low-fat cheeses are recommended to consume daily at 150-200 gr.per day in whatever form;
- From fats a day can be consumed up to 40 g.Warm oil and vegetable oil.
From drinks, you are allowed to drink black, green tea, weak coffee, juices, composition from the berries of acidic varieties with the addition of Xilite or sorbitol, rose boiling and mineral water.
It is important for people with diabetes.Easily soluble carbohydrates.Such products include sugar, honey, jam, sweets, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruits - bananas, raisins, grapes are strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing usefatty foods, First of all, fat, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is best to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp foods, salty vegetables and pickles, cream, alcohol from the diet.Salt salt per day can be consumed no more than 12 g.
Diet for diabetes
Diet in diabetes should be noticed without fail.The characteristics of diet in diabetes in this case mean the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and at the same time facilitating the functioning of the pancreas.Diet excludes easily soluble carbohydrates, limits usefatty.People with diabetes should consume a lot of vegetables, but at the same time limit the foods and salt that contain cholesterol.The food should be baked and cooked.
A patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herb, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes can eat xylit, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.
It is forbidden to eat cakes, chocolate, sweets, blocking, bananas, spicy, smoked, ram and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.
You should always get food at the same time, food intake cannot be passed.Food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, it must periodically include legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in the diet.Every day, a patient with diabetes should drink plenty of fluids.
Diet no.9
Dietitologists developed a special diet recommended as the main food for diabetes.One feature of diet No. 9 is that it can fit the patient's individual tastes, adding or excluding some dishes as desired.The diet in diabetes creates conditions for normalizing carbohydrate metabolism, helps maintain the patient's performance and is developed taking into account the severity of the disease, simultaneous diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also diet no.9a, which is used as the basis for diet compiling atmild form of diabetes.As well as in the forms of accompanying overweight of various degrees in patients who do not receive insulin, and no 9b, with an increased protein consumption rate, for patients with a severe form of diabetes, who receive insulin treatment of diabetes and have additional physical activity.Severe formOften complicated by liver diseases, gall bladder, pancreas.
Diet no.9Includes approximately such a diet:
- First morning(to work, 7 o'clock in the morning): buckwheat porridge, meat paste or low cottage curd;Teajaar in Xlet, butter bread.
- Lunch(at lunch, 12 hours a day): Cheese Cheese, 1 cup kefir.
- DINNER(After work, 17 hours a day): vegetable soup, boiled meat potatoes, an apple or oranges.Or: Soup wiped with cabbage, boiled meat with boiled carrots, tea in xyla.
- DINNER(8pm): Boiled fish with cabbage, or potato pins, simmer with roses.
- Before you go to bed, a glass of kefir or yogurt.
Preventing diabetes
Diabetes prevention predicts the maintenance of the healthier lifestyle.You should not allow extra pounds, constantly exercise and play sports.Each person should reduce the use of fat and sweets.If a person is already forty years old or in his family there have been cases of diabetes, then preventing diabetes sugar provides regular blood sugar test.
You should try to consume a lot of fruits and vegetables daily, include more diet products with a high content of complex carbohydrates.It is just as important to monitor how salt and sugar enters the daily diet - in this case, abuse is not allowed.There should be many products containing vitamin in the diet.
Moreover, to prevent diabetes, it is important to constantly be in a state of mental balance, to avoid stressful situations.Moreover, a violation of carbohydrate metabolism manifests itself as a result of increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.
Complications of diabetes
Complications of diabetes manifested if diabetes treatment is not performed is a particular risk to human health and life, or it is done incorrectly.Due to such complications, a fatal outcome often occurs.It is common to distinguish between acute complications of diabetes, which develop rapidly in the patient, as well as late complications, which occur a few years later.
Manifest acute complications of diabetescoma: In this condition, the patient loses consciousness, he has violated the functions of a number of organs - the liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.Reasons for developing coma are a strong changeacidityBlood, a violation of the ratio of salts and water in the body, manifestation of lactic acid in a large amount, a sharp drop in blood of glucose levels.
As delayed complications of diabetes, damage to small kidney and eye vessels often occurs.If a large ship is affected, then the event may occurSHOTS,myocardial infarction,Gangrene foot.The human nervous system also suffers.